From S&M p 28-29
Scientific theory is composed of three requirements:
- Constructs
- Causal Relations
- Generalizability
What do "love," "aggression," and "anxiety" have in common? These are all constructs, or abstract concepts that can't be directly observed.
Scientific theories describe causal relations among constructs. If you change one construct, a corresponding change in another is expected.
Scientific theories are intended to be general in scope, applying to many people in different settings and times. However, the range of applicability may vary from one theory to another.
...Now I'm really lazy...I'm going to just type the stuff from the margins!
Construct validity: extent to which the IV & DV used in research correspond to the theoretical constructs under investigation.
Independent variable (IV): concrete manipulation or measurement of a construct that is thought to influence other constructs.
Dependent variable (DV): concrete measurement of a construct that is thought to be influenced by other constructs.
Social desirability response bias: people's tendency to act in ways they believe others find acceptable and approve of.
Internal validity: the extent to which can be concluded that changes in the IV actually caused changes in the dependent variable in research study.
Nonexperimental research: research design in which both IV & DV are measured.
Experimental research: research design in which researches randomly assign participants to different groups and manipulate one or more IV.
Random assignment: procedure of assigning participants to different experimental groups so that every participant has exactly the same chance as every other participant of being in any given group.
External validity: extent to which research results can be generalized to other appropriate people, times, and settings.
Demand characteristics: cues in a research setting that lead participants to make inferences about what researchers expect or desire and that therefor bias how the participants act.
Replication: conducting new studies in an effort to provide evidence for the same theoretically predicted relations found in prior research.
Informed consent: consent voluntarily given by an individual who decides to participate in a study after being told what will be involved in participation.
Debriefing: Informing research participants--as soon as possible after the completion of their participation in research--about the purposes, procedures, and scientific value of the study, and discussing any questions participants may have.
Whew...there's a back log of things I need to type, but I am going to read in depth now.
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